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Floor mosaic with gladiators and hunters

Roman art


This small fragment depicts a head in a frontal pose wearing a type of helmet called a galea. The mosaic, which was found with another of similar size and five larger ones, must have originally decorated the floor of a cryptoporticus in a suburban villa that was excavated in 1834 on the Borghese estate at Torrenova, along Via Casilina, for Prince Francesco Borghese Aldobrandini. It is embellished with hunting scenes (venationes) and gladiator combat (munera), in keeping with the custom of displaying self-celebratory imagery in the domus. Scholars have dated the mosaic to between the third and fourth centuries CE.


Object details

Location
Date
3rd-4th century A.D.
Classification
Medium
marble tesserae
Dimensions
543 x 865 cm
Provenance

Unearthed in 1834 during excavations in a hamlet of Torrenova, along Via Casilina. Purchased by the Italian State, 1902.

Conservation and Diagnostic
  • 1834 Interventions on the frame, in the monochrome white background, head (except in the dome and crest of the helmet)
  • 1908 R. Lazzari
  • 1926 C. Fossi
  • 1960 P. Saltelli
  • 1989 ARKE' Consortium
  • 2020/2021 Istituto Centrale del Restauro: scientific project for diagnostics and restoration

Commentary

This small fragment was part of a larger mosaic unearthed in 1834 on the Borghese estate in a hamlet of Torrenova, Vermicino-Quarto della Giostra, along via Casilina. The mosaic decorated the floor of a cryptoporticus in a large villa unearthed for Prince D. Francesco Borghese Aldobrandini. According to Luigi Canina, who witnessed the discovery, the mosaic ‘was used to ennoble the floor in a cryptoporticus or a closed portico, arranged along one side of the innermost peristyle of the above-mentioned ancient villa. The mosaic covered an area measuring about 140 palmi long and 12 wide, and the room seems to have been built for this express purpose. Two thirds of the mosaic were found in good condition, and the remaining part was missing. It was divided into five panels framed by a meander motif, also mosaic in two simple hues’ (Canina 1834, pp. 193–194). The mosaic was removed using the strappo method and brought to Rome, where it was kept in the Casino dell’Orologio until 1839. After being restored by Gaetano Ruspi and Filippo Scaccia, the mosaics were installed in the Salone, where Giuseppe Santalmassi made drawings and engravings of them. The only parts of the original composition that survive are the portions with figures, measuring a total of 27.9 metres, while the meander borders are lost. The composition overall comprises multiple scenes of a single event, illustrated in a single narrative frieze. The themes are gladiator combat, munera, and hunting, venationes, with the action taking place on fields of yellow and green tesserae representing the ground, against an all-white background. The figures wear elaborate, colourful clothing decorated with geometric embellishments called orbiculi. This small fragment, probably from one of the larger panels, depicts a head in a frontal pose wearing a galea, a type of helmet typical of gladiators in the secutor class.

The scant information about the context of its discovery, beyond Luigi Canina’s article, suggest a date between the third and fourth centuries CE, mainly based on stylistic analysis.

Giulia Ciccarello




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